Rwandan Foreign Policy By Exploring And Discussing How...

This thesis illustrated a new way to better examine Rwandan foreign policy by exploring and discussing how Rwandan leaders view the international community. The traditional standard narrative on Rwandan foreign relations focused heavily on how Rwanda acted with other states, institutions and actors. What was continually missing within the existing literature was a deep understanding of why Rwandan leaders interacted in a certain way with the international community. The genocide guilt card is most notable in this fault as it heavily focused on the explaining the mechanism of guilting to which the Rwandan government used to gain state interests. While the guilt card is perhaps the most known narrative of Rwandan foreign policy, it is not the only one. And such as with the guilting, these other literature sources on foreign aid, shifting diplomatic alliances and development, do not discuss the mentality of the Rwandan government with the world. Literature on Rwanda’s military, t he Rwanda Defence Force, is the closest to uncovering how the country views the world. However, the analysis is rather limited as the focus is not on international relations, but on military-related subjects. The research presented here states that Rwandan foreign policy contains complexities of three major themes and groups. These were identified through interviews and data collected during three main periods of fieldwork within Rwanda, Washington D.C. and New York by the Rwandan officials responsibleShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescolonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time, without serious attention to the processes and misguided policies that led to decades of agrarian and industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the

A Successful Transition From High School - 1275 Words

To be successful, means to feel accomplished. Success is a mindset that varies in everyone’s mind. Everyone can be successful, depending on their definition of the feeling. My interpretation of success is when one is able to do what makes them happy and advance in life, while being content with where they are going, regardless of the negative opinions of others. Becoming content with God’s plan for your life, and investing in yourself physically, emotionally, mentally, spiritually, and socially, will result in a better self with much success. Personally, a successful transition from high school to college is one where one is comfortable, safe, and enjoying where they are. Being in college for a while is different than transitioning for the first time. I believe my transition to college is so far, so good. I have made a group of friends that I believe I can count on; my roommate and I get along like no other; and my classes are not as difficult as I expected, which is glorious. I want to be successful in life, who doesn’t? Different people calls for different success. Humility and gratefulness are two core values that I cannot choose from. I believe they go hand and hand with one another, and with one, comes the other. When I reach a point in my life in which I am as prosperous as I have ever been, I hope to remain humble, and remember where I am climbing from. Therefore, while at the beginning of my journey, feeling as though I have not made it close to my goals, I remainShow MoreRelatedTransition from Elementary to Middle School Essay1213 Words   |  5 PagesChildren confront many transitions throughout their lifetime that can be stressful. They face their first transition from home to school, elementary to middle school, middle to high school, and high school to college or work (Schumacher, 1998). However, the transition from elementary to middle school seems to be harder for adolescents due to the personal changes of puberty. Research suggests that roles, expectations, and responsibilities are the primary concerns of students (Akos, 2002). In orderRead MoreThe Problem Of The Field Of Education1265 Words   |  6 Pagesjust to you or your particular school or district. Transition happens to everyone and it happens constantly. We all transition from birth to childhood, childhood to adolescence and adolescence to adulthood. However, transition can be a challenge and frightening to others, especially students with disabilities. As educators, it’s important to grasp the idea that transition is occurring and to always provide support to students. For students with disabilities transition can be challenging and they mayRead MoreGraduation Speech : College And University Of Your Choosing920 Words   |  4 Pagesyour college entrance essays have paid off. The unexpected bliss of deciding your major, and knowing all of your schooling this far has lead you to this monumental milestone in your life. Although you feel prepared, you have lingering thought; did high school English prepare me for the challenges and expectations college professors expect in writing assignments? Unfortunately, â€Å"about 60 percent of first-time freshmen do not show entry level proficiency in [college-level English] assessments, even thoughRead MoreTeaching And Promoting Self Determination1406 Words   |  6 Pagesbased, and best practices for educators in middle and high school, and helping students with disabilities meet their post secondary goals and experience a more successful transition from high school to post secondary domains. This review discusses the research that addresses how the impact of instruction in self-determination given to students with disabilities can aid their post secondary / adult outcomes. Keywords: self-determination, transition, postsecondary outcomes, disabilities, special educationRead MoreThe Teaching Philosophy of Exceptional Children1379 Words   |  6 Pages the enforcement of classroom rules, and student expectations should not be in flux but remain consistent. Without a sense of consistency in the classroom, school life would lack the necessary feeling of safety and reliability young children need to focus, to take risks, and to thrive. This cannot be accomplished without the guidance from the teacher. How to ensure that students with specific learning disabilities have developmentally appropriate learning experiences that support their academicRead MoreGrade Students With Low Reading Comprehension Level860 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents carry a heavy burden with them as they enter high school. McCallumore and Sparapani (2010) point out that these students are coming from middle school with low reading comprehension level; therefore, they are behind before they begin. The study continues with data from the Southern Regional Education Board that 51% of teachers in high school believe their incoming freshman are ill-prepared with the background knowledge needed to enter high school. Teachers must find ways to communicate withRead MoreStudents With Learning Disabilities Required Transition Services Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pageslearning disabilities require transition services as they enter high school. These transition services allow for students to and their families to be prepared, and successful for life after high school. These transition services are listed in a student’s IEP, and may require certain education and training classes to prepare for employment, or preparation for living situations; for some LD students the focus will include transitions for independent living skills. These transition services are all waysRead MoreTransition Plan For Middle School Students999 Words   |  4 Pagesof transition plan that I knew is the preparation of middle school students to move to high school. As a Title I teacher, I was part of a group who created programs to help the middle school students transition smoothly to high school such as High School S hadow program, High School Information Night, High School Trip and other things. Upon reading the document on the Transition Planning, I was surprised with all the information that put in place to help students with disabilities transition intoRead MoreHow Should FGCS Belong To The FGS Group?1324 Words   |  6 Pages(2015) suggested that FGCS must overcome deficits in cultural capital which affects how they feel about where they come from and may negatively impact their success. Moschetti Hudley (2015) discovered that the majority of existing research claimed FGCS concern extended to financial assistance, family issues, and barriers to their success rather than what made them successful. Moschetti Hudley (2015) pointed out that FGCS reported that subsequent behaviors and reliance on their family for emotionalRead MoreStruggles with Stages of Development and Transition Points and How It Affects Identity1674 Words   |  7 PagesStruggles with Stages of Development and Transition Points and How It Affects Identity There are many developmental milestone events and transition points that help form the identity of an individual. As one transitions from milestone to another, they are not necessarily losing or gaining anything, but are adapting to their new stage in life (Bjorklund, 2011). These transitions can affect other domains of human development including: physical changes, cognitive changes, personality or identity, social

My Role Model Of Perseverance Essay Example For Students

My Role Model Of Perseverance Essay Steve Jobs: My role model of perseveranceAs human beings, we are facing obstacles, either career wise or in our personal lives; it’s part of the cycle of nature, but within the challenges it improves our self being. Throughout my previous education, I’ve always had an unbalanced interest between academics and extracurricular activities. Due to the lack of interest in the academic classes, I have always given more importance to the extracurricular activities. While conducting research on Steve Jobs, I have learned several valuable methods to succeed in my chosen career field when you encounter problems such as: failing classes, being financially unstable, and losing your most major creation. With the methods learned from the research on Steve Job’s perseverance, I will be able to apply those methods myself on the job when the times are tough. It’s a fact that not everything goes the way we wish, and we must adapt to the outcomes or fix it. Especially when it comes to education, we try our best to make the most decent grades and to succeed, but sometimes the effort put into it does not pay off. For example, according to (Brandon Griggs, 2011) â€Å"Steve Job’s dropped out of college after one semester, although he returned to audit a class in calligraphy.† Job’s is a perfect example that grades do not define who you are neither a standardized test; after all, they just test your obedience rather than what you’re actually learning. Even though, he made the poor decision of dropping out of college, which could’ve been the end of his career, he continued to learn the way he wanted to: based on his interest. Furthermore, Jobs during the beginning of his career was financially unstable according to (Todd Frinkle and Michael Mallin, 2010) . . In my career, I will balance my budget, have an emergency account for my projects, and also focus on new opportunities that will lead me to create connections, or perhaps even new projects. In the media communications industry I may encounter many pitfalls, but with my plan I can resolve any problems I encounter throughout my career. Moreover, my first step of my plan to solve any problems I face in my career is to focus on projects that will give me a positive outcome. Secondly, I will manage my budget carefully to be able to fund any conflicts in my projects. Thirdly, during my career I will fight for a position in my industry by continuing to work harder each day, and not giving up when I face challenges. Overall, Steve jobs is my role model of perseverance because he was ambitious, always found alternatives, and continued to work despites it’s the consequences.

Substantive Procedure

Question: Discuss about the Substantive Procedure. Answer: As we all know that the substantive procedure mainly aims to determine the substantive procedure for the detection of material misstatements at the level of assertion. It would involve various tasks such as test of details of the transaction, balances, disclosures as well as the substantive procedures. In regard to the wages and salaries- In order to carry out the substantive procedure which would provide sufficient appropriate evidence in regard to the accuracy in respect of the account balance (ACCA,2016) It is required to perform the same in total taking under consideration total payroll which will involves all account joiners as well as leavers and also any rise in the pay. Also it is required to compare the same with the earlier period and of required discuss the significant change with those charged with the governance or the management. Taking into consideration sample employees, it is required to recalculate both the gross net pay as well as must reconcile the same to verify the accuracy with the payroll records maintained by them After recalculations of the deduction as per law must be done so as to determine that the deduction have been corrected calculated for the year within the payroll expenses. In addition, it is also required to analyze that wages salaries which have been recognized in the accounting period must relate to that period only. Also any prepaid as well as accrued expenses have been accounted correctly at financial statements. It is required that salaries wages have been correctly allocates in production activities and general and administrative expense as per the category (CAT,2016). 2. Electricity- In regard to the substantive procedure for the verification of electricity it is essential to conduct confirmation procedure since the same is relevant in order to determine the accuracy while confirmation it is required by the auditor to obtain confirmation from third party or reconcile the amount represented by the entity with the bills sent by the authority in regard to the electricity an must in accordance with the PCAOB (Auditing tools, 2016). Also there must be proper record in regard to meeting reading so as to have proper control over the expense, auditor must review the register and analyze the fluctuations , if there is materiality in the fluctuation must discuss the same as well as reason for the same (ACCA,2016). 3. Repair and Maintenance- In order to carry out the substantive procedure for the repair and maintenance, it would be necessary to Inquiry- it refers to seeking the required information from the person having knowledge whether in financial or may be non financial roles within or outside the company. In addition to the other audit procedure, inquiry can be carrying out thought the audit of the company. However, it has also seen that the inquiry for company personnel only would not be able to provide sufficient appropriate evidence so as to reduce the risk to low level or also to support ant conclusion in regard to the control effectiveness. Hence, it is required by the auditor to conduct or examine the documentation in resects of the same to indicate that the procedure has been performed. In accordance with the Auditing standard 11 which refer as Consideration of Materiality in planning and performing the audit it clearly prescribes that the responsibility of the auditor in order to determine the tolerable misstatement at the discloser or account level (Ey,2016). It states that at the time of conducting sampling for the class of transaction, it is required by the auditor to determine mistaken which are tolerable in respect of the population to be sampled with the purpose to design the appropriate sample plan. In the stated case, audit assistant conducted test of control for 50 transactions which were resulting provided three errors which are tolerable /hence it implies that since the tolerable mistaken in regard to the population sampled has been less than the tolerable mistaken. Hence, as a result it allow for the possibility which prescribes that the identified result would not cause the financial statement of the company to be misstated Conclusion by the audit assistant is correct. It has been provided that an amount can be recognized as liability only when it meets the criteria as follow Liability means the present obligation and has been resulted or arises because of the past event and as a result company is requires an outflow from the enterprises as per IASB. It is clear from the above that obligation arises for the company only on the basis of the past event, in the stated case company has recognized an amount as accounts payable against which goods and services have not been received till the date of audit hence it cannot be shown as accounts payable. In order to recognize the liability, it must meet the following criteria The outflow of resources is probable The value can be measured significantly in relation to the liability (Auditing tools,2016) Although it is also provided that if an obligation seems to meet the criteria of the liability but not recognition, the same can be shown as contingent liability. In the given case, the transaction not meet the criteria for liability hence it cannot be shown as even contingent liability since the good have not received yet. (2)(b) In the given case where it states that there is total error of $ 206,702 which constitute 4% in regard to the overall balance have not been material since it is less than the materiality level which has been set by the audit. Even though the risk is 4% but there must be requirement to carry on the further work or perform activities to identify the reason for the misstatement. It can be said that extensive search must be carry on for the recoded liabilities which will involves examining of the supporting documents (Auditing tools,2016) So, the conclusion by the audit assistant that accounts payable have been stated fairly is somewhat questionable. References Accounting-simplified.com. (2016).Assertions in the Audit of Financial Statements. [online] Available at: https://accounting-simplified.com/audit/introduction/audit-assertions.html#sthash.E7zBhDwo.dpuf [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. CAT, F. and In, L. (2016).Wages Substantive Audit Procedures . [online] Opentuition.com. Available at: https://opentuition.com/topic/wages-substantive-audit-procedures/ [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. Ey.com. (2016).Sampling substantive procedures. [online] Available at: https://www.ey.com/publication/vwluassetsdld/pcaob_practicealertauditingrevenue_9september2014/$file/pcaob_practicealertauditingrevenue_9september2014.pdf?OpenElement [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. https://www.accaglobal.com, A. (2016).The audit of wages | Students | ACCA | ACCA Global. [online] Accaglobal.com. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/uk/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f8/technical-articles/the-audit-of-wages.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. www.accaglobal.com. (2016).Accounts payable. [online] Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-students/acca/f8/exampapers/uk/f8uk-2013-dec-a.pdf [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016].

Who Is Responsible For Starting Wwi Essays - Causes Of World War I

Who Is Responsible For Starting Wwi Who is Responsible for Causing World War I? In August of 1914, the war to end all wars began. The First World War saw incredible amounts of casualties because of new fighting techniques and technology, among other reasons. While it is clear who the victors of the war were after the battles had been fought and the Peace of Paris signed, what is not clear is who started this war. Historians have debated this question since the very early stages of the war and it is one that still remains without one concrete answer. A common elementary history textbook will explain the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria as the sole cause for World War one, but further research seriously brings this statement into question. I feel as though it was not one single person, or even a single country who/that caused the war, but rather a series of events and situations which include the following: the allying of countries and preparing for war which preceded the fighting itself, the actions of the Black Hand as a message of Serbian national ists, the persuasion of Austria-Hungary by Germany for a swift retribution for this act, and Russia's swift mobilization of troops along the Central Powers' eastern border in the early stages of the war. The first and possibly most important cause of World War I may have been the allying of the countries involved in the war and the posturing for action which they participated in. Although many treaties were signed and many alliances made previously, the start of the time line of WWI may be traced to the Dual Alliance signed by Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879, to which Italy joined in 1882 forming the Triple Alliance. It was an agreement that was one of military protection, stating that if any member of the alliance were to become involved in the war with two other powers, they would respond with military aid and intervention. This agreement was countered by the Franco-Russian Alliance signed in 1894. Its terms were similar to that of the Triple Alliance's. These two agreements directly opposed one another. Who would there be to oppose these groups but one another? These drawing of allies basically served to prepare Europe for eminent war. After their signings, it seems very plausible and likely that the many power struggles in Europe would only be solved by warfare. At this point in time, many countries started to prepare for a war that they were unsure would even occur, much less who it would be fought against. The first of these movements was the incredible investment of France's resources into Russia. The French knew that to be a valuable ally, Russia would have to be better equipped and more able to fight, if needed. Therefore, by the time Russia started to mobilize in the early stages of war, France had invested incredible amounts of money and resources to support and build up its principle ally. However, They were not the only countries preparing for possible war. Germany took this opportunity to construct a naval fleet. The chief result of this naval production was an equal production from England, which held a common interest of having a two-to-one naval advantage over all other countries. The ongoing one-upping between these two countries led to huge fleets being assembled with no other primary function, save for war. Because of this, these new navies only increased the probability of a costly war. By the beginning of war, the German to English ship ratio was in proportion of 10 - 16 which the English often regarded as unmenacing. These events were causes of the war in that they affected many other countries besides those directly involved. Neighboring countries noticing increased armament would only want to arm themselves, which is what happened in this instance. The result was the cause of a widespread nervousness in regards to a war that more and more people were not only coming to expect, but also one that many were starting to realize would be quite great in scope. The next significant event, in my opinion, was the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria by the Serbian nationalist group, Black Hand.

Physical Properties of Matter

Physical Properties of Matter Physical properties are any properties of matter which can be perceived or observed without changing the chemical identity of the sample. In contrast, chemical properties are those that can only be observed and measured by performing a chemical reaction, thus changing the molecular structure of the sample. Because physical properties include such a wide array of characteristics, they are further classified as either intensive or extensive and either isotropic or anisotropic. Intensive and Extensive Physical Properties Physical properties may be classified as either intensive or extensive. Intensive physical properties do not depend on the samples size or mass.  Examples of intensive properties include boiling point, state of matter, and density. Extensive physical properties depend on the amount of matter in the sample. Examples of extensive properties include size, mass, and volume. Isotropic and Anisotropic Properties Physical properties are isotropic properties if they do not depend on the orientation of the specimen or direction from which it is observed. The properties are anisotropic properties if they do depend on the orientation. While any physical property could be assigned as isotropic or anisotropic, the terms are usually applied to help identify or distinguish materials based on their optical and mechanical properties. For example, one crystal might be isotropic with respect to color and opacity, while another might appear a different color, depending on the viewing axis. In a metal, grains might be distorted or elongated along one axis compared with another. Examples of Physical Properties Any property you can see, smell, touch, hear or otherwise detect and measure without performing a chemical reaction is a physical property. Examples of physical properties include: colorshapevolumedensitytemperatureboiling pointviscositypressuresolubilityelectric charge Image By Marc Gutierrez / Getty Images Physical Properties of Ionic vs. Covalent Compounds The nature of chemical bonds plays a role in some of the physical properties that may be displayed by a material. The ions in ionic compounds are strongly attracted to other ions with opposite charge and repelled by like charges. Atoms in covalent molecules are stable and not strongly attracted or repelled by other parts of the material. As a consequence ionic solids tend to have higher melting points and boiling points, compared with low melting and boiling points of covalent solids. Ionic compounds tend to be electrical conductors when they are melted or dissolved, while covalent compounds tend to be poor conductors in any form. Ionic compounds are usually crystalline solids, while covalent molecules may exist as liquids, gases, or solids. Ionic compounds often dissolve in water and other polar solvents, while covalent compounds are more likely to dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Physical Properties vs. Chemical Properties Chemical properties encompass those characteristics of matter which can only be observed by changing the chemical identity of a sample, which is to say, by examining its behavior in a chemical reaction. Examples of chemical properties include flammability (observed from combustion), reactivity (measured by readiness to participate in a reaction), and toxicity (demonstrated by exposing an organism to a chemical). Chemical and Physical Changes Chemical and physical properties are related to chemical and physical changes. A physical change only alters the shape or appearance of a sample and not its chemical identity. A chemical change is a chemical reaction, which rearranges a sample on a molecular level.

My Progress as a Writer Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Progress as a Writer - Personal Statement Example For instance, when I wrote essays such as â€Å"A Self Appreciation: My Personal Stereo† and â€Å"The Hoax in Wal-Mart† that require me to present a discussion in narrative form, I was able express myself more clearly in English. I consulted the dictionary and explored different words to describe myself better. However, if there is one aspect of my writing that needs to be improved, it would be developing my grammar. I find difficulty in making long and complex sentences when I wrote â€Å"File-Sharing† essay, I realized that I needed to incorporate the comments noted; but using these comments were difficult for me since I did not know that how to effectively apply what was specifically required. So what I have to learn and acknowledge as an important part of writing is the skill in editing and revising because I know that when I write, the initial draft will not be immediately perfect. Honestly, I get confused with tenses, especially when I started writing lett ers in reflective essay. With constant practice, I believe that I will improve and build better sentences, as required. Another important point noted is that I know that the flow of my writing is not as smooth as I want it to be. There will be times when transition is difficult for me. That is why the connection of the sentences of the paragraphs is not always as easy; unlike when it is professionally written. In addition, I realized that I need to be more observant of the words I use. For example, upon reviewing my first essay, I recognized that I used the word ‘cost’ in one particular sentence three times: â€Å"It doesn’t cost that costly like the high end branded stereo system, but for a person like me, it didn’t cost any cheap either.† Within the progress of the course, this mistake was eventually prevented and I realized the need to proofread my work during finalization prior to submission. What I like best in some of my writings is the fact t hat I was able to express myself clearly. In fact, the highlight of the reflective essay is that it was composed and thought of entirely by me. Because of this writing assignment, I was able to relate own my experiences and enabled other people to know me better. In the essay, I wrote about my life, friends, and family. I also wrote about my experiences as an international student studying in an English-speaking society. I expressed how all these were able to influence my life now in the United States. In the future, I would like to develop more effective transition of sentences and paragraphs which I still perceive as difficult. I hope that my ideas are good enough that any reader would understand it and identify with it. I believe that my skill in writing English is fair because I work hard to master the language. Based on the comments of my teachers, there are only minor skills to be improved in my writing such as tenses and constructing complex sentences. But when it comes to ex pressing my ideas, I can basically communicate my ideas well in English. In the future I would want to be able to write more scholarly papers. I wish to develop a wider vocabulary and improve my skills in proofreading and editing so that my writing would be continue to be enhanced and that my words would not be redundant.  

Importance of Orgazined Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Importance of Orgazined Management - Essay Example In addition, every organization depends on group effort. Joint efforts and group action have become essential in every aspect of life. Therefore, management is necessary wherever two or more individuals work together to accomplish common goals. The achievement in group efforts is dependent on mutual cooperation among people in a group. Management establishes coordination and teamwork among specialized efforts. Management is crucial in all organizations whether a club, business firm, a college, a government, or a business firm. Management is a resourceful tool which plays a part in the optimum use of resources. Organized managerial leadership alone can transform the chaotic resources of machinery, men, materials, and money into an industrious enterprise. An organization is simply a collection of machinery, men, materials, and money in the absence of management. In addition, management is required to organize, plan, control, and direct group efforts. Also, management offers motivation and leadership to people. As an inventive force, management performs an identical function in an organization like a brain does in the body of a human being. It is the primary coordinating mechanism that underlies organized venture. The significance of management has augmented enormously in recent years because of the increase in the complexity and size of the organizations, growing responsibilities and turbulent environment of business. All in all, an organized management will play a significant part in minimizing costs and maximizing output. An organized management maintains a vibrant equilibrium between an organization and its ever changing environment. Management is responsible for the formation, endurance, and expansion of organizations. This means that there is the constant need for management in any organization (Holtzman, Puerta & Lazarus, 2011). This paper will look at the importance of organized management. The paper will achieve this by examining the different levels of m anagement, roles of management, and the significance of organized management. Many organizations are made up of three levels of management: top-level management, middle-level management, and first-level management. The managers are organized in a chain of command of authority, and engage in a number of tasks. In numerous organizations, the number of managers in each level is similar to a pyramid. The top-level management is made up of chief executive officers, board of directors, president, vice-president, and other members of the C-level executives. These people are responsible for overseeing and controlling the whole organization. This level of management is responsible for setting a tone at the top and establishes strategic plans, policies of the organization, and reach decisions on the direction of the organization. Additionally, top-level managers play an essential part in the mobilization of external resources and are answerable to the general public and shareholders. The boar d of directors is characteristically primarily made up of non-executives which owe a fiduciary responsibility to stakeholders and are not directly engaged in the daily functions of the organization, even though this is different based on the culture, form, and size of the organization (Martindale, 2011). Also, these directors are tentatively answerable for violations of that duty and normally insured under directors and officers liability insurance. In addition, the board

Building a learning community project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Building a learning community project - Essay Example ing at an age where plans for the future must be charted, the students’ perspectives for a fulfilling career are usually influenced by their interests and experiences. Hence, teachers must be knowledgeable in balancing teacher-directed learning and student-centred learning. A constructivist philosophy in the teaching-learning process is proposed. Ideally, career planning should begin early in a student’s life. As early as third or fourth grade, an Individual Career Development Plan (ICDP) should be started. This is a student notebook or portfolio containing information about their career interests including education and training opportunities and even exploration experiences (Hoerner, 1994). They are free to design their ICDP as they please because the more it is individualized to their preference, the more responsibility they will take in planning their lives, so they should be encouraged to carry their ICDP to all their classes, to take it home and share with parents, family and friends for feedback. Beginning a career plan in elementary school will help children have a focus around which they can relate their studies and extra-curricular activities. It is also important for teachers to nurture not only knowledge acquisition but also to include knowledge application. They need to think beyond the classroom and learn about possible careers their students may pursue when they go out into the world (Hoerner, 1994) Encouraging students to come up with their own ideas may be in the ambit of the teachers within the school premises. However, a bigger problem may lie outside school, specifically when the students go back to the community. The school, then, in envisioning success for such learner-centred learning must engage the community, most specifically the students’ parents and family members in supporting the students’ activities. Teachers must inculcate in the parents the significance of their cooperation and support if they indeed want their

Fragrances Product In India Cultural Studies Essay

Fragrances Product In India Cultural Studies Essay Culture is defined as the social and political forces that influence the growth of a human. It is very important to study on the culture of the product targeting country, because culture sufficiently influences the consumers in many ways. Therefore we should introduce the culture first. Indian culture is diverse, rich and as a result unique in its special way. Manners, ways to communicate with one another are one of the important components of Indian culture. Even though Indian have accepted modern means of living, improved lifestyle, Indian values and beliefs still remain unchanged. A human can change his way of clothing, way of eating and living but the values in a human always remains unchanged because they are deeply rooted into Indian hearts, mind, body and soul which we receive from Indian culture. The culture of India is one of the oldest and exclusive cultures in the world. In India, there is amazing cultural diversity throughout the country. The South, North, and Northeast have their own distinct cultures and almost every state has carved out its own cultural niche. There is hardly any culture in the world that is as varied and unique as India. India is a vast country, having variety of geographical features and climatic conditions. India is home to some of the most ancient civilizations, including four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.  [1]   A combination of these factors has resulted into an exclusive culture- Indian culture. Indian culture is a composite mixture of varying styles and influences. In the matter of cuisine, for instance, the North and the South are totally different. Festivals in India are characterized by color, gaiety, enthusiasm, prayers and rituals. In the realm of music, there are varieties of folk, popular, pop, and classical music. The classical tradition of music in India includes the Carnatic and the Hindustani music. India, a place of diversity, is fascinating with its ancient and complex culture, dazzling contrasts and breathtaking physical beauty. Among the most remarkable features of India, is the arts and culture in particular. The Indian culture has persisted through the ages precisely for the reasons of antiquity, unity, continuity and the universality of its nature. Thus within the ambience of Indian culture one can identify Indian Music, Indian Dance, Indian Cinema, Indian Literature, Indian Cuisine Indian Fairs and Festivals and so on. Indian culture treats guests as god and serves them and takes care of them as if they are a part and parcel of the family itself. Even though when Indian dont have anything to eat, the guests are never left hungry and are always looked after by the members of the family. Respect one another is another lesson that is taught from the books of Indian culture.  [2]  Helpful nature is another striking feature in Indian culture. Indian culture tells us to multiply and distribute joy and happiness and share sadness and pain. It tells Indian that Indian can develop co-operation and better living amongst themselves and subsequently make this world a better place to live in. Nowadays the Indian Culture has crossed the geographic boundaries and has extended globally. No matter Indian or a person from any other country, will be attracted by the exuberant Indian Culture and traditions. 1.1 Life philosophy and Religion of Indian Religion influence http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/religion.jpg Figure 1 Religions in India  [3]   Religions have played the most crucial role in Indian life values. Besides Christianity and Islam, all the other four major religions practiced in India, namely Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism, were born in India and have exerted a powerful combined impact on the Indian thought and philosophy of life. After centuries evolution, Hinduism is the majority religion with 80.5% of the population of India. Islam (13.4%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.8%) and Jainism (0.4%) are the other minor religions followed by the people of India according to the 2001 census. A religion can be defined as a system of belief in the supernatural, omnipotent and omnipresent power, which controls the destiny of humankind, called God, and who is entitled to obedience and worship. Religion is the personal relationship of humans with God and hence there could be said to be as many religions as individuals. However, some propounded faiths are followed by groups of people and these have come to be called as Religions in common parlance. The contribution of different religious faiths practiced in India to values related to peace and harmony are summarized below: Hinduism has not been proposed by any single individual but has evolved through the ages. As an ethical religion it enunciates four aims of life (a) Dharma (observance of religious and ethical laws); (b) Arth (living an honest life); (c) Kama (satisfying legitimate desires); and (d) Moksha (attaining salvation through emancipation from birth and death and unity with God. Hinduism believes that through moral life humans are elevated to greater spiritual heights. Towards this end, the practice of Yam and Niyam are prescribed. Yama implies: (a) Ahimsa (non -injury to others); (b) Satya (truth); (c) Asteya (non-stealing); (d) Brahmacharya (celibacy during the first 25 years of life); and (e) Apar Graha (non-acquisitiveness).Niyam implies: (a) Shaucha (cleanliness); (b) Tapas (awakening of vital forces); (c)Santosh (contentment); and (d) Swadhyaya (self study/analysis). Shanti (peace) is the highest craving of all Hindus. This includes peace within and peace without. After every ceremony or religious recitation, Hindus pronounce Om Shanti! Shanti! Shanti! i.e., peace to men, peace to forces of nature, and peace to the entire universe. http://www.thekidswindow.co.uk/images/CMScontent/Image/hinduism.jpg http://xaxii.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/mughaltop.png Islam believes the following behaviour-based values: (a) Honesty; (b) Meekness; (c) Politeness; (d) Forgiveness; (e) Goodness; (f) Courage; (g) Veracity; (h) Patience; and (i) Sympathy. Christianity pursue: (a) Love of God and fellow humans; (b) Good conduct for a happy life; (c) Not losing ones soul for worldly gain; (d) Worship of God and service to humankind; (e) Repentance for pardon; (f) Justice, fortitude and temperance; and (g) Avoidance of vices, and sins.https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgujHZrZRsggh53N6ZTNNj-Y_jYkSgZeQJZmXkkfCfaOOmpSvmHBDOd2SL34BCNNPwofntkLjC2JNmk73Bs8HMNF5gSIVgLT6guCurTcGlXWrmVs4VAbdOkXdA14V8QpcGdf7j-cXjwXlA/s1600/nat+geo+india+2.jpg http://news.restoringthepride.com/image/r4249448191.jpg Sikhism advocates the following moral values: (a) Truthfulness; (b) Humility; (c) Charity; (d) Dignity of labor; (e) Character of a saint and the strength of a soldier; and; (f) Noble deeds. Buddhism believes: (a) that right understanding, thought and speech, together with moral peaceful conduct, mental discipline and wisdom, eliminate the causes of suffering in life; (b) that material welfare is only a means and not the end; (c) that a pure life, based on moral and spiritual principles, leads to happiness; (d) that kindness, goodness, charity and truth win over their opposite sentiments; (e) that compassion should be the driving force of action; and (f) that contentment and tolerance are keys to peace and happiness. True renunciation, according to Buddhism, does not mean running away from the world. It is considered more courageous and praiseworthy to practice Buddhism by living among fellow human beings, while helping and serving them. http://www.chakranews.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/jainism-agamas.jpg Jainism proposes the following values: (a) Live and let live; (b) Souls within us are immortal and potentially divine; (c) Self-discipline, moral conduct and self-purification are the goals for spiritual perfection; and (d) Individuals, communities, nations, races.  [4]   Religion tolerance Before proceeding further discussion we should also discuss the often repeated statement that all religions have mutual respect for each other. This seems that natural as we are told that all religions lead to a common goal unity with the Supreme. These thoughts are indeed important. But what is it that inculcates respect about a certain thing? What is the meaning of respect? Respect is defined as high opinion or regarded as for a high quality. In itself it implies recognition of superiority in the thing that is respected. One cannot have respect for something inferior. When a member of one religion claims that he respects another religion, he obviously does not recognize the other religion higher than his own. And if he does consider another religion as superior to his own, it is but natural that he should get himself converted to the other religion, but he does not do so implies that the word respect for him does not connote recognition of superiority or regard for a higher quality. What the term respect implies is tolerance and non-interference as regards other religions. Again, if one religion respects other religions, there would be no conversions into that religion. We know that almost every religion wants to convert members of other religions to it and every religion considers itself the true faith, while other religions are untrue and their members are either pagans, infidels or heretics. Hence it would be inconsistent with the true and evident spirit of religion to say that one religion respects others, what can utmost be said is that while some religions tolerate other religions, most others do not. In my opinion, it needs to be conceded that in India, the pantheistic character of Hinduism, the religion of the majority, has been conducive to the survival of religious tolerance.  [5]   Family http://www.afpionline.com/siteimages/indian-family.jpg Indian family culture is regarded as the most important part of its culture. A family typically has a powerful influence over choices made by its individual members, and of their communities. In India, people learn the essential idea of cultural life within the bosom of a family. In most of the country, the basic units of society are the patrilineal family unit and wider kinship groupings. The most widely desired residential unit is the joint family, ideally consisting of three or four patrilineally related generations, all living under one roof, working, eating, worshiping, and cooperating together in mutually beneficial social and economic activities. Patrilineal joint families include men related through the male line, along with their wives and children. Most young women expect to live with their husbands relatives after marriage, but they retain important bonds with their natal families. Despite of the continuous and increasing impact of urbanization, secularization, and Westernization, the traditional joint household, both in ideal and in practice, remains the primary social force in the lives of most Indians. Loyalty to family is a deeply held ideal for almost everyone. Large families tend to be flexible and well-suited to modern Indian life, especially for the 67 percent of Indians who are farmers or agricultural workers or work in related activities. As in most primarily agricultural societies, few individuals can hope to achieve economic security without being part of a cooperating group of kinsmen. The joint family is also common in cities, where kinship ties can be crucial to obtaining scarce jobs or financial assistance. Numerous prominent Indian families, such as the Tatas, Birlas, and Sarabhais, retain joint family arrangements even as they work together to control some of the countrys largest financial empires. The joint family is an ancient Indian group, but it has made some changes in the late twentieth century. Although several generations living together is the ideal, actual living arrangements vary widely depending on region, social status, and economic circumstance. Many Indians live in joint families that deviate in various ways from the ideal, and many live in nuclear familiesa couple with their unmarried childrenas is the most common pattern in the West. However, even where the ideal joint family is seldom found, there are often strong networks of kinship ties through which economic assistance and other benefits are obtained. Not infrequently, clusters of relatives live very near each other, easily available to respond to the give and take of kinship obligations. Even when relatives cannot actually live in close proximity, they typically maintain strong bonds of kinship and attempt to provide each other with economic help, emotional support, and other benefits. As joint families become ever larger, they are inevitably divided into smaller units, passing through a predictable cycle over time. The breakup of a joint family into smaller units does not necessarily represent the rejection of the joint family ideal. Rather, it is usually a response to a variety of conditions, including the need for some members to move from village to city, or from one city to another to take advantage of employment opportunities. Splitting of the family is often blamed on quarrelling womentypically, the wives of coresident brothers. Although womens disputes may, in fact, lead to family division, mens disagreements do so as well. Despite cultural ideals of brotherly harmony, adult brothers frequently quarrel over land and other matters, leading them to decide to live under separate roofs and divide their property. Frequently, a large joint family divides after the demise of elderly parents, when there is no longer a single authority figure to hold the family fact ions together. After division, each new residential unit, in its turn, usually becomes joint when sons of the family marry and bring their wives to live in the family home.  [6]   Variations in Family Structure Some family types bear special mention because of their unique qualities. In the sub-Himalayan region of Uttar Pradesh, polygyny is commonly practiced. There, among Hindus, a simple polygynous family is composed of a man, his two wives, and their unmarried children. Various other family types occur there, including the supplemented subpolygynous householda woman whose husband lives elsewhere (perhaps with his other wife), her children, plus other adult relatives. Polygyny is also practiced in other parts of India by a tiny minority of the population, especially in families in which the first wife has not been able to bear children. Among the Buddhist people of the mountainous Ladakh District of Jammu and Kashmir, who have cultural ties to Tibet, fraternal polyandry is practiced, and a household may include a set of brothers with their common wife or wives. This family type, in which brothers also share land, is almost certainly linked to the extreme scarcity of cultivable land in the Himalayan region, because it discourages fragmentation of holdings. The peoples of the northeastern hill areas are known for their matriliny, tracing descent and inheritance in the female line rather than the male line. One of the largest of these groups, the Khasisan ethnic or tribal people in the state of Meghalayaare divided into matrilineal clans; the youngest daughter receives almost all of the inheritance including the house. A Khasi husband goes to live in his wifes house. Khasis, many of whom have become Christian, have the highest literacy rate in India, and Khasi women maintain notable authority in the family and community. Perhaps the best known of Indias unusual family types is the traditional Nayar taravad , or great house. The Nayars are a cluster of castes in Kerala. High-ranking and prosperous, the Nayars maintained matrilineal households in which sisters and brothers and their children were the permanent residents. After an official prepuberty marriage, each woman received a series of visiting husbands in her room in the taravad at night. Her children were all legitimate members of the taravad . Property, matrilineally inherited, was managed by the eldest brother of the senior woman. This system, the focus of much anthropological interest, has been disintegrating in the twentieth century, and in the 1990s probably fewer than 5 percent of the Nayars live in matrilineal taravads . Like the Khasis, Nayar women are known for being well-educated and powerful within the family.  [7]   Malabar rite Christians, an ancient community in Kerala, adopted many practices of their powerful Nayar neighbors, including naming their sons for matrilineal forebears. Their kinship system, however, is patrilineal. Kerala Christians have a very high literacy rate, as do most Indian Christian groups. Adulthood A young married couple starts to take adult responsibilities. These include work inside and outside of the home, childbearing and childrearing, developing and maintaining social relationships, fulfilling religious obligations, and enhancing family prosperity and prestige as much as possible. The young husband usually remains resident with his natal family, surrounded by well-known relatives and neighbors. The young bride, however, is typically thrust into a strange household, where she is expected to follow ideal patterns of chaste and cheerfully obedient behavior. Ideally, the Hindu wife should honor her husband as if he were her personal god. Through her marriage, a woman becomes an auspicious wife, adorned with bangles and amulets designed to protect her husbands life and imbued with ritual powers to influence prosperity and procreation. At her wedding, the Hindu bride is likened to Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth, in symbolic recognition of the fact that the grooms patrilineage can increase and prosper only through her fertility and labors. Despite this simile, elegantly stated in the nuptial ritual, the young wife is pressed into service as the most subordinate member of her husbands family. If any misfortunes happen to befall her affinal family after her arrival, she may be blamed as the bearer of bad luck. Not surprisingly, some young women find adjusting to these new circumstances extremely upsetting. A small percentage experience psychological distress so severe that they seem to be possessed by outspoken ghosts and spirits. In these difficult early days of a marriage, and later on throughout her life, a woman looks to her natal kin for moral and often economic support. Although she has become part of another household and lineage, she depends on her natal relativesespecially her brothersto back her up in a variety of circumstances. A wide range of long visits home, ritual obligations, gifts, folklore, and songs reflect the significance of a womans lifelong ties to her blood relatives. By producing children, especially highly valued sons, and, ultimately, becoming a mother-in-law herself, a woman gradually improves her position within the conjugal household. In motherhood the married woman finds social approval, economic security, and emotional satisfaction. A man and his wife owe respect and obedience to his parents and other senior relatives. Ideally, all cooperate in the joint family enterprise. Gradually, as the years pass, members of the younger generation take the place of the older generation and become figures of authority and respect. As this transition occurs, it is generally assumed that younger family members will physically care for and support elders until their demise. In their adult years, men and women engage in a wide variety of tasks and occupations strongly linked to socioeconomic status, including caste membership, wealth, place of residence, and many other factors. In general, the higher the status of a family, the less likely its members are to engage in manual labor and the more likely its members are to be served by employees of lower status. Although educated women are increasingly working outside the home, even in urbane circles some negative stigma is still attached to womens employment. In addition, students from high-status families do not work at temporary menial jobs as they do in many Western countries. People of low status work at the many menial tasks that high-status people disdain. Poor women cannot afford to abstain from paid labor, and they work alongside their menfolk in the fields and at construction projects. In low-status families, women are less likely than high-status women to unquestioningly accept the authority of men and even of elders because they are directly responsible for providing income for the family. Among Sweepers, very low-status latrine cleaners, women carry out more of the traditional tasks than do men and hold a relatively less subordinate position in their families than do women of traditional high-status families. Such women are, nonetheless, less powerful in the society at large than are women of economically prosperous high-status families, who control and influence the control of more assets than do poor women. Along with economically supporting themselves, their elders, and their children, adults must maintain and add to the elaborate social networks upon which life depends. Offering gracious hospitality to guests is a key ingredient of proper adult behavior. Adults must also attend to religious matters, carrying out rites intended to protect their families and communities. In these efforts, men and women constantly work for the benefit of their kin groups, castes, and other social units.  [8]   Hierarchy India is a hierarchical society. Within Indian culture, whether in the north or the south, Hindu or Muslim, urban or village, virtually all things, people, and groups of people are ranked according to various essential qualities. If one is attuned to the theme of hierarchy in India, one can discern it everywhere. Although India is a political democracy, in daily life there is little advocacy of or adherence to notions of equality. http://factsanddetails.com/media/2/20120502-638px-Pyramid_of_Caste_system_in_India.png Figure 2 The hierarchy of the India sociaty Castes and caste-like groups, those quintessential groups, with which almost all Indians are associated or are ranked. Within most villages or towns, everyone knows the relative rankings of each locally represented caste, and peoples behavior toward one another is constantly shaped by this knowledge. Between the extremes of the very high and very low castes, however, there is sometimes disagreement on the exact relative ranking of castes clustered in the middle. Castes are primarily associated with Hinduism but also exist among other Indian religious groups. Muslims sometimes expressly deny that they have castesthey state that all Muslims are brothers under Godbut observation of Muslim life in various parts of India reveals the existence of caste like groups and clear concern with social hierarchy. Among Indian Christians, too, differences in caste are acknowledged and maintained. Throughout India, individuals are also ranked according to their wealth and power. For example, there are big men (bare admi , in Hindi) and little men (chhote admi ) everywhere. Big men sit confidently on chairs, while little men come before them to make requests, either standing or crouching down on their haunches, certainly not presuming to sit beside a man of high status as an equal. Even men of nearly equal status who might share a string cot to sit on take their places carefullythe higher-ranking man at the head of the cot, the lower-ranking man at the foot. Within families and kinship groupings, there are many distinctions of hierarchy. Men outrank women of the same or similar age, and senior relatives outrank junior relatives. Several other kinship relations involve formal respect. For example, in northern India, a daughter-in-law of a household shows deference to a daughter of a household. Even among young siblings in a household, there is constant acknowledgment of age differences: younger siblings never address an older sibling by name, but rather by respectful terms for elder brother or elder sister. However, an older sibling may address the younger by name. Even in a business or academic setting, where colleagues may not openly espouse traditional observance of caste or class ranking behavior, they may set up fictive kinship relations, addressing one another by kinship terms reflecting family or village-style hierarchy. For example, a younger colleague might respectfully address an older colleague as chachaji (respected fathers younger brother), gracefully acknowledging the superior position of the older colleague.  [9]   What India Culture Today is Iike http://mychardikalalife.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/420bollywood-4200.jpg?w=420 India culture today was influenced by the ancient culture of India, but something new is happening that is stirring up differences in Indian society. While Indias traditions and core values are pretty much the same as ever, some aspects of the culture have changed drastically. For one thing, younger generations have become more independent and have accepted new ideas from western cultures. For example, sexual expression and display of affection have been kept behind closed doors for the most part in India many past generations, while these things have been culturally accepted in the U.S. and other western countries for a long time now. The older Indian generations still consider it taboo for a man and woman to hold each others hands in public, while younger couples have their own ideas of what is acceptable in India culture today. Essentially, the older generations are beginning to realize that Indias youths are a new and different generation and that they must accept these differences rather than disown their kids. Another visible change in India culture today can be found in Indian films. Mumbai is like Indias Los Angeles, California or New York City. Its the headquarters for production of many of the famous Indian Bollywood Movies. These fantastic films are an expression of Indian art and are filled with great music, amazing dancing, and Indian celebrities. In the past, Bollywood films were pretty conservative in regards to the amount of skin they would reveal and the body language that dance scenes displayed. However, in the last decades, the dancing in Bollywood Films has become much more provocative and the clothing has become much racier than in films of the past. The outfits often look like something you might see on the U.S. show dancing with the Stars. Another change to the traditional culture in India involves arranged marriages. Traditionally, parents found a marriage partner for their son or daughter and would arrange a marriage between the two. In some cases, a man and a woman were promised to one another in their teens and had no say in the decision. Many times, the bride and groom-to-be never actually met until their wedding day! Arranged marriages were popular for hundreds of years. This was in part because pressure from family members was so strong, but mostly because this type of marriage was deeply ingrained in the culture in India. Another factor was that divorce was considered so taboo in India. Many couples stayed together even when unhappy. Flash forward to today, perceived independence brought change. While arranged marriages still exist, they have mutated. India culture today allows young men and women have more freedom of choice. Now many youths pick who they will marry, and most certainly have a chance to meet their future life partner. When Indian families attempt to arrange marriages today, things are done differently. Nowadays, parents of the young man or woman will allow their kids to meet potential mates in advance. If there is not a reciprocal liking between the two, they may decline and meet other candidates. These meetings are like auditions, or speed-dates. The difference being that your family is there with you. Can you say awkward? Well, its better to be uncomfortable for a potentially chemistry-free meeting, than be stuck in a prearranged marriage that may lack chemistry and make a person miserable. Another factor for changes to Indian culture today is the influence of western culture. Many young men and women are sent to the United States, or other countries, to study and to acquire jobs. While away from India, they experience new rights of passage, independence and accept new cultural ideas. Plus, the internet has allowed people from different countries and cultural backgrounds to connect with one another, and to keep up on global events. Its nearly impossible for anyone to be kept in the dark about other cultures or whats going on in the world, given current technologies.  [10]   Bottom line is that India culture today is different from what it used to be, but Indias core traditions and cultural values mostly remain intact. Most important, the Indian culture today is still rich, beautiful and accepting of other cultural beliefs. 1.2 Standards of Beauty in India This section will contain some information about beauty and perfume in India. The main focus will be beauty and fragrance culture for women, given the explained target group. In the present day, the urban Indian woman has a cacophony of voices telling her how she should look, from television and Bollywood to fashion magazines to her family. Depending on the woman, the messages she is hearing may vary significantly from each other. As such, it is necessary to go straight to the sources-advertisements, television, magazines, and the women themselves-to determine what Indian women believe is beautiful, and, by extension, what appearance Indian women strive to attain. It is reasonable to believe that the issues discussed here are similar to those experienced by many urban Indian women, but the rural experience, and even that of women in smaller or more traditional urban center, may be significantly different. Still, in most areas where television and similar mediums have penetrated, Indian women are likely to be absorbing some of the same messages.  [11]   à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡ à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Rename.d ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° à ¨Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ ° à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¹~à ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ ©Ã‹Å"  The most important aspect of skin in India is, of course, a clear complexion. This feature is so important to the imagining of a beautiful Indian woman that it is emphasized in places ranging from the predictable fashion magazines to the more unexpected job advertisement.[30]However, the far

History Recycled in the Works of T.C. Boyle Essay -- Biography Biograp

History Recycled in the Works of T.C. Boyle      Ã‚     "Past and present, sharply separated by the chapter structures, are fused in motifs and unstressed parallels" (DeMott 52).   History's repeating itself is a dominant theme throughout T.C Boyle's novels. If people do not learn from past mistakes, they are likely to fail again. By revisiting history, Boyle teaches the importance of awareness and caution of an ever-changing society. In The Tortilla Curtain a specific migrant problem in the 1930s is modified to fit modern immigration. Candido and America's battle for survival after immigrating to the United States repeats a similar event depicted in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath.   Boyle's twisted short stories in the If the River was Whiskey mirror events in history in the light of modern times.   The similarities between the Van Brunts and the Van Warts in The World's End contribute to identical generations, separated by three hundred years.   Boyle attacks modern society's conceited, self-absorbed attitude, and he discourages reiteration of the past.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Tortilla Curtain, Boyle recycles a past   dilemma, as he writes of a problem similar to the "Dust Bowl" migration of the 1930s.   Candido Rincon and his wife America travel from Mexico to America through the "Tortilla Curtain," searching for work, while constantly striving to achieve the American Dream.   In this journey, the Rincons encounter several racist obstacles including a pack of white men who beat and rape America during her pregnancy, leaving her to die.   Constantly searching for work and money takes Candido mentally and physically away from his wife. High in the Arroyo Blanco ("white rice") Estates lives the Mossbacher family, which dwells in the... ...nglisch.schule.de/boyle/boylerev.htm (5/19/99) Kakutani, Michiko.   "Review of World's End."   New York Times, September 23, 1987, p. C27.   Rpt. Contemporary Literary Criticism, vol. 55.   Detroit: Gale, 1988.   92 vols. Rettberg, Scott.   " Interview with T.C. Boyle."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://authors.miningco.com/library/weekly.htm (5/7/99) Spencer, Scott.   "The Pilgrim of Topagana Creek."   New York Times Book Review.   Sept. 3 1995, p.3.   Rpt. Contemporary Literary Criticism, vol. 90.   Detroit: Gale, 1995.   92 vols. Ulin, David L. "Boyle Wonder."   The Village Voice November 10, 1998, Vol. 43 Issue 45, p.132 _____.   "Lost in the Funhouse."   Bloomsbury Review.   Nov-Dec. 1989, p.5. Rpt.   Contemporary Literary Criticism, vol.90.   Detroit: Gale, 1995. 92 vols. "At a Glance: The World's End by T.C. Boyle" http://.www.amazon.com/exec.htm (5/4/99)

Malicious Attacks

Malicious attacks basically seek to exploit vulnerabilities in a network. These threats can be passive or active and have very negative consequences. The difference between active and passive attacks are that active attacks makes changes or modifications to the data or attempt to gain some type of access to the network, while passive attacks do not make changes to the system at all. According to Solomon, 2012, there are many malicious attacks and threats that can be carried out against the network, some of which are identified below: -Brute force attacks are one of the most tried and true attack methods where the attacker uses a software program to try all possible combinations of a password, security code or user ID, until one of them is successful. -Hijacking is another type of attack that involves the attacker taking control of a session between two machines and masquerades as one of them. This can involve man-in-the-middle, browser or session hijacking. Social engineering is another common attack where the attacker tricks the user in carrying out actions for them; for example, the attacker may obtain the user’s login credentials by posing as an IT Specialist which would then help the intruder gain access to the network. -Computer viruses act like a biological virus, where it infects the host program and could cause the host program to replicate itself to other computers. Some of these viruses have become smarter with the capability to combat malware-detection programs by disabling their detection functions. Trojan horse is a malware program that masquerades as a useful program They use their outward appears to trick users into running them; they look like programs that perform useful tasks but actually hid malicious code. -Rootkits are newer types of malware that modifies or replaces one or more existing programs to hide traces of attacks. -Spyware is a type of malware that specifically threatens the confidentiality of information. It does this by gathering information about a user through an Internet connection without the users’ knowledge. The impacts of all of the above attacks could damage or disrupt the system. It could also cause security privileges to be escalated to allow the intruder to access, modify or even delete private data. Additionally, as a result of any intrusion on the network, users would experience PC slowness, crashes and just no access at all to necessary resources. Malicious software is a major threat to the network, internal attackers, equipment theft and denial threats can pose even more of threat. Internal ttackers reside within the company and could be a cybercriminal, which is why it’s important to monitor the threats constantly and carefully. Equipment theft can also pose a serious threat because if equipment ends up in the wrong hands, confidential information could be exposed like account numbers or access codes. Lastly, Denial threats make assets or resources unavailable or unusable by flooding a specific port on a server rendering authorized users no access to import resources, wh ich could be a severe impact. If there is a vulnerability in the network or organization, then there is a possibility of a threat. If the vulnerability can be eliminated or addressed, the risks of attacks or threats are greatly decreased. Some common vulnerabilities are listed below according to Radack, 2013: -In the user domain where the user lacks the awareness of security policies or accidental violation of acceptable use policy in the user domain. -In the workstation domain there could be weaknesses in installed software and where unauthorized users could access the system. In the LAN domain, transmitting private data unencrypted, unauthorized network access and where malicious software can be spread -In the LAN-to-WAN domain there could be exposure and unauthorized access of internal resources to the public and loss of productivity due to internet access. -In the remote access domain is where brute-force attacks occur on access and private data and data leakage from remote access or lost storage devices. In the system and application domain there could be unauthorized physical or logical access to resources and weaknesses in server operating system or application software. -With VoIP there could be default manufacturer passwords still in place, insecure class-of-service settings and trunk access group restriction settings. The impact of any vulnerability is of course the possibility of a threat succeeding. A vulnerability is considered a weakness and any weakness in a network or organization will quickly be exploited by an attacker. The attacker is able to obtain information in all seven domains if one domain is not fully protected. For example, if a brute-force attack is deployed on a network and successful, it could affect users access to resources. Users could be in accordance with security policies and following correct protocol in order to protect the network as much as they can but if the brute-force attack is indeed successful, they efforts are thwarted. This is why it’s important to address each and every possible vulnerability in the seven domains of a network. If users are equipped with the right security tools; workstations are secure with strict access control policies; LAN servers are secured with various standards and guidelines; LAN-to-WAN security should maintained while allowing users as much access as possible; WAN domain has confidential encryption of data transmission; remote access domain has security controls applied according to policies; lastly if the systems/application domain has security policies, procedures and guidelines implemented in the various applications or systems, all vulnerabilities would be addressed.

Definition and Examples of Abbreviations in English

Definition and Examples of Abbreviations in English An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase, such as Jan. for January. The abbreviated form of the word abbreviation is  abbr. - or, less commonly, abbrv. or abbrev. In American English, many abbreviations are followed by a period (Dr., Ms.). In contrast, British usage generally favors omitting the period (or full stop) in abbreviations that include the first and last letters of a single word (Dr, Ms). When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, a single period serves both to mark the abbreviation and to close the sentence. Linguist David Crystal notes that abbreviations are a major component of the English writing system, not a marginal feature. The largest dictionaries of abbreviations contain well over half a million entries, and their number is increasing all the time (Spell It Out, 2014). Here are some common examples of variousl types of abbreviations: AcronymBackronymCommonly Confused Latin Abbreviations in EnglishCommon Revision Symbols and AbbreviationsCommon Scholarly AbbreviationsE.g. and I.e.Etc. and Et al.InitialeseInitialismLogograph Etymology Abbreviation comes from the Latin word brevis meaning short. Examples and Observations In general, spell out the names of government bureaus and agencies, well-known organizations, companies, etc., on first reference. In later references, use short forms like the agency or the company when possible because handfuls of initials make for mottled typography and choppy prose.Abbreviations may be ironic, humorous, or whimsical: for example, the rail link between the town of Bedford and the London station of St. Pancras is locally known as the Bedpan Line; a comparable link for Boston, New York, and Washington is the Bosnywash circuit. Comments on life may be telescoped into such sardonic packages as: BOGSAT a Bunch Of Guys Sitting Around a Table (making decisions about other people); GOMER Get Out of My Emergency Room (said by physicians to hypochondriacs); MMMBA Miles and Miles of Bloody Africa (an in-group term among people who have to travel those miles); TGIF Thank God Its Friday (after a particularly hard working week).AbbrevesToday, the fave (for favorite’) abb reves are obvi (a shortening of Thank you, Captain Obvious’) and belig (a clipping of belligerent, retaining the soft g). Nobody in the young-barflies crowd orders the usual’; it’s the yoozh. My grandnephew Jesse concludes sentences with whatev, which is probs (for probably’) whatever. In this cacophony of abbreves, word endings are scattered all over the floor. Go fig. Totes include for at,  Ã‚ £ for pound, % for per cent, and for plus. The ampersand, , is one of the oldest. It is a collapsed version of the Latin word et, and: the bottom circle is whats left of the e, and the rising tail on the right is whats left of the t. Numerals are another kind that we read as 1, 2, 3, etc. as one, two, three... And it is part of the business of learning to read and write to know when we should write words in their logographic form and when to spell them out. Sources A. Siegal,  The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, 1999 Tom McArthur,  The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992 William Safire, Abbreve  That Template.  The New York Times Magazine, May 21, 2009 Jeff Guo, The Totes  Amazesh  Way Millennials Are Changing the English Language.  The Washington Post, January 13, 2016 David Crystal,  Spell It Out. Picador, 2014

Ethnicity and Self

Ethnicity and Self With the advent of the social media and the increase of the information availability, as well as the rapid growth of the intercultural communication, the significance of cultural peculiarities has become surprisingly obvious. Because of the number of ethnicities involved into the intercultural relationships, the necessity to preserve the cultural; features has become as evident as the tendency for these features to merge into each other.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Ethnicity and Self-Representation in Social Media: When Cultures Merge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analyzing the ways in which and the means with the help of which people manifest their ethnicities in the social media, one can comment on the tendencies in the intercultural communication and the changes which are currently happening to the ethnical specifics in the world media. Thus, the object of the given research is the way in which people re present their ethnicity in the social media, while the question is whether the ethnical features of various nationalities are preserved and can be traced easily in online communication or whether the interaction within any social media dulls the national features, making them merge into a single cosmopolitan style. In addition, the question whether any national stereotypes are enhanced or, on the contrary, blurred in the course of online communication, is worth researching. The paper is going to embrace five sources on the issue of ethnicity and its manifestation in the course of social interactions, both online and in reality. For the theoretical background, the work by Yong-Chan Kim, Joo-Young Jung and Sandra J. Ball-Rockeach is going to be used. Erin Kaufman and Deborah L. Welse’s paper will help to understand the mechanics of relating to a certain ethical group during the conversation, while Koen Lerus, Eva Midden and Sandra Ponzanesi’s work will help to understand the way in which several cultures fuse during the communication. With the help of Mainsah’s work, the problem of losing cultural features is going to be touched upon, while Maxwell and Buck will provide an accurate account of the issue history. As for the theoretical framework for the given research, the ideas offered by Yong-Chan Kim, Joo-Young Jung and Sandra J. Ball-Rockeach are going to be used as the basis for the paper. As the researchers claimed, they examine ethnicity in social media â€Å"as a dynamic and unique factor influencing individuals’ adoption and uses of communication technologies† (283), which presupposes a new prospect on the online social interactions.Advertising Looking for proposal on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To achieve the top results in the given research, the choice of the method is extremely essential. Taking into the account the fact that the paper is going to use statistics and identify the current state of affairs in the use of social media, the paper is going to be constructive and combine a quantitative and a qualitative approach. It is important to mention that the research is going to touch upon certain ethical issues. Since the paper is supposed to deal with the features of various nationalities, the subject of national stereotypes in the social media and the way in which these stereotypes are manifested is unavoidable. Thus, the ethical limitations are also expected. Admittedly, the given research has its limitations. Among the issues, the most obvious one is the subject of scale. Since it is impossible to encompass the entire number of nationalities and check every single instance of social interaction, the results of the research will be approximate. Due to the growing popularity of the social media and the increase of the online communication as opposed to the live conversation, the given research is going to offer rather significant results which are going to determine the course for the future development of the online interactions between different cultures and the way in which people are going to relate to their culture in online relationships. Once understanding the way in which online relationships differ from the real-life ones, people will be able to avoid a number of complexities and misunderstandings. Kaufman, Erin and Deborah L. Welse. â€Å"Skin-Tone Preferences and Self-Representation in Hispanic Children.† Early Child Development and Care, 182.2 (2012): 277-290. OnlineLibrary. Web. Kim, Yong-Chan, Joo-Young Jung and Sandra J. Ball-Rockeach. â€Å"Ethnicity, Place and Communication Technology: Effects of Ethnicity on Multi-Dimensional Internet Correctness.† Information technology and People, 20.3 (2007): 282-303. Emerald. Web.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Ethnicity and Self-Representation in Social Media: When Cultures Merge spe cifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lerus, Koen, Eva Midden and Sandra Ponzanesi. â€Å"Digital Multiculturalism in the Netherlands: Religious, Ethnic and Gender Positioning by Moroccan-Dutch Youth.† Religion and Gender, 2.1 (2012): 150-175. Religion and Gender. Web. Mainsah, Henry. â€Å"I could Well Have Said I Was Norwegian but Nobody Would Believe Me.† European Journal of Cultural Studies, 14.2 (2011): 179-193. SAGE. Web. Maxwell, Andrew H. and Pem Davidson Buck. â€Å"Decolonizing Media Representations of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the New World of Order.† Transforming Anthropology, 3.1 (1992): 1-5. Wiley Online Library. Web.

The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy - Essay Example This in turn would help promote psychotherapy. In 1995, it was determined that professionals should be trained exclusively in the use of Empirically Supported or Validated Therapies. This move was given a push when the American Psychologists Association (APA) published the first of its task force reports. Since then Empirically Validated Therapy (EVT), Empirically Supported Therapy (EST), and Evidence Based Practice (EBP), refers to therapeutic treatments which are deemed empirically sound and valid, by a particular research methodology. Thus these therapies or treatments can be officially used in the psychotherapy. This however implied that those therapies which do not make the list are not empirically valid and these alternative methods of treatment are therefore considered irrelevant. This stirred up a hornet's nest in the world of psychotherapy and was the beginning of a controversy which persists even today. The Empirically Validated Treatment movement brought about a split between psychotherapists, i.e. those who saw thems elves as scientists and those who saw themselves as practitioners. a science, it deals with human emotions which vary a great deal from person to person and hence a humanistic psychodynamic approach has to be used which is tailored to individual clients. If this is the case then most of their techniques would not validated by the strict research methodology put forward for Empirical validation. Today, the controversy continues as the psychotherapists challenge the traditional methods of research and expose unsubstantiated assumptions on which this research is based and therapies accepted as Empirically Validated/Supported Therapies. Arguments for the Empirically Validated/ Supported Treatment It is important to know why and how the Empirically Validated/Supported Treatment came into being. The American Psychiatrists Association developed the Empirically Validated Treatment (EVT). These were mostly medications and validation methods favoring biological treatment approaches. This is when the American Psychologists Association decided to develop their own EVT. The psychologists did not like the idea of research proving therapy or the claim that the success of a therapy could be proven. Since validated could mean proven, they changed the terminology to EST, i.e. Empirically Supported Treatment. The arguments for having EST in psychotherapy are extremely valid and relevant. 3 1. Psychotherapy is a Science: Psychotherapists have always been considered scientists and psychotherapy a science. However science demands empirical validation of theory. Thus it is maintained that only effective psychotherapy which is supported by empirical proof should be considered for treatment. It is inconceivable that physicians would conduct experimental treatments without the consent of patients or that FDA would approve medicines without proof of their efficacy and knowledge of side-effects. To the scientific committee it is therefore shocking that there is no way of determining what is and what is not effective psychotherapy. Hence for psychotherapy to remain in the realms of science it is necessary that ESTs be used in the clinics. 2. Protection of Patients: In the 1970's and 80's there were a multitude of psychotherapy

Testing in HR Recruiting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Testing in HR Recruiting - Essay Example In addition, the poorly carried out interview is detrimental to an organization future. It is in this regards that tests are mandatory during interviews to sieve out unwanted traits in organizations. Inappropriate hiring can be costly errors to rectify and as such, manager should concentrate on convincing hiring processes, which offer, return on investment. In a busy organization stress, tolerance tests are extremely imperative. This prevents the hiring of employees who cannot withstand pressure from both customers and managers. Subsequently, a satisfactory interview process through tests also enables identification of personal style of employees whereby only people with proficient personality traits get the chance (Dessler, 2011). This makes the interviewing process a critical area in human resource management where channeling of all resources is necessary. The future of any business organization depends on the nature of employees. Ambitious, dedicated and focused employees guarantee the success of an organization while lazy and less enthusiastic employees assure a fall in the operations of an organization. Psychometric tests during interview offer an evidence-based insight into behaviors of employees (Palmer & Varner, 2005). Nevertheless, straight, forwards, pertinent information gets concealed to the interviewing managers that are vital in the hiring process. In any event, that a psychometric test is not carried out before hiring managers will have problems coming up with non committed; at times arrogant employees who do not only make the business fail but also demoralize other employees. It is in this regards that clients with impressive results get retained in the hiring process (Hyder & LÃ ¶vblad, 2007). This improves greater self-awareness among management teams and employees. Â  

Home work assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home work assignment - Essay Example The authors establish why the alibi in Bancroft’s favour could well be the basis to suspect him. The truth, especially with regard to history, is bound to be vague, because even the best historical detection has more to do with probabilities than with certainties. 1 I am convinced that Sack’s method of investigation works better with Susan Hamelin / Hamilton than the one used by the two journalists who interviewed her. This is because Sack’s method is primarily based on building rapport at first with the person with whom he wishes to interact. This, to a great extent, prevents the possibility of the person being interviewed hiding or distorting facts. 2 Even as a group, Sack’s personalistic method is to be preferred to the historians’ method, because the latter, with their impersonal attitude, tend to regard the person being interviewed as an object of study whereas in Sack’s method, the person being interviewed will be touched by the apparent genuineness of the interviewer’s concern. This creates the platform for an honest exchange of ideas and information. If Sack’s method yields good results with people who are challenged, it is quite reasonable to believe that the method will work much better with people who are sane and fit. 3 If I were to pick a patient from ‘An Anthropologist on Mars’, I would choose Temple Grandin. When I try to know more about her, I would make an effort to gain an understanding of her self and identity. In this scientific investigation must go hand in hand with an emotional concern. The purpose of this understanding is to be able to suggest ways to them how the quality of life can be improved within the limitations and to explore what adaptations are possible in this direction. The devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the use of nuclear bombs continues to be acknowledged in history as the most destructive man-made tragedy in the human history and must also continue to haunt the

Boston Beer Essay Example for Free

Boston Beer Essay Boston Beer Company is the maker of Samuel Adams brand beer and the beer industry’s leading craft brewer. On the year of 1995, the Boston Beer filed a registration statement with the U. S. SEC for an initial public stock. Now let’s start from the strategy direction of Boston Beer for analyzing the company. Strategies of Boston Beer Company in its beginning stage of the business were 1) outsourcing beer production facilities instead of building new facilities which requires approximately 10 million capital investment 2) marketing customers by appealing customer’s sense of patriotism in order to attack the imported beers. Boston Beer Company’s competitive advantages can be signified by sources of beer industries and its competitors. The re-reemergence of the craft breweries segment in 1990s had affected the decline of mass-produced beer companies. An increase of health and safety consciousness of beer consumers caused the market for distinctive and flavorful beers. Because of the new trend and customer needs in beer industry, Boston Beer Company was able to grow rapidly. Exhibit 1 shows the tremendous growth of U. S.craft brewing industry barrels and Boston Beer Company is a beneficiary and one of the leading companies that take the lead of the craft brewing market growth. Furthermore, Boston Beer Company’s outsourcing facilities in its early stage of the production and marketing approach to its customers lead the company to have the strategic advantage over its rival entities within competitive beer industry. Boston Beer Company’s income statement and balance sheet (Exhibit 3, 4) show the company has been growing rapidly with a significant growth of revenue and income. Notable competitors’ public stock offering transaction also strengthen the idea that set range of the stock price (10 to 15 dollars) of the company’s bankers can be adjusted to the level of its competitors (17 to 16 dollars per share) because of the growth rate of the company and its healthy financial situation. Currently, Boston Beer using dual-class structure, Class A and Class B, for its equities part. The company’s Class A Common Stock is not entitled to any voting rights, except for the right as a class to approve certain mergers and charter and by-law amendments and to elect a minority of the directors of the company. The Class B Common Stock has full voting rights. As of today, C. James Koch was the sole holder of record of all the company’s issued and outstanding Class B Common Stock. Boston Beer chosen a dual-class structure for its IPO because it would like to ensure that the firms founders and top executives maintained control. Thus, dual-class shares satisfy owners who dont want to give up control, but do want the public equity market to provide financing. In some cases, company performance may benefit from the existence of dual-class shares. Founders often have a longer term vision than investors focused on the most recent quarterly figures. Since stock that provides extra voting rights often cannot be traded, it ensures the company will have a set of loyal investors during rough patches. On the other hand, it can be seen as downright unfair. It creates an inferior class of shareholders and hand over power to a select few, who are then allowed to pass the financial risk onto others. Normally, the existence of dual class shares would be a problem if an investor believed the disproportionate voting rights were allowing inferior management to remain in place in spite of the best interests of shareholders. For outside investors, they should always research the details of a companys share classes if they are considering investing in a firm with more than one class. Due to the sole holder of company’s Class B common stock, it means that The Class B shareholder has significant influence over the company. Mr. Koch is able to exercise substantial influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the composition of the board of directors and approval of equity-based and other executive compensation and other significant corporate matters. This could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company and will make most transactions difficult or impossible to accomplish without the support of Mr. Koch. The risk of investing in the Boston Beer Company first is located on the competitive pressures of the beer industry. With this situation, the profit margins will be declining due to competition on prices and higher production costs on specialty beers. Since the flavor is important for customer’s choices and the eruption of competition in the craft beer industry had increased the pressure to introduce new beers to maintain and grow market share, the research and development facility investment for new product development is increasing each year, together with the increased advertising, promotional and selling expenses. With the expansion of scale and size of the company, Boston Beer also invested more and more on capital expenditures, in 1995 Boston Beer invested $4. 5 million on capital expenditures increase and in 1996 invested another $13 million for related technology equipment at its contract brewing facilities. The large investment on asset-based financing arrangements could take large amount of cash flow and newer technology will raise the dilemma of more investment on updating for new equipment, which can cause the broken of normal cash flow operation. From Exhibit 5 we can see that the capital raised form initial Public Stock Offerings from 1993 to 1995 can vary a lot from $34 million in 1993 drop to about $19. 8 million in 1994, the wave of raised capital can have large effect on decision making process. There was always the potential that the IPO could be under-subscribed and therefore pulled from the market. Then the company would thus miss an opportunity to raise much-needed capital. Before the IPO, Boston Beer was organized as a limited partnership which would be dissolved in November 1995. And at the time of dissolution, the company would distribute $12. 5 million to its existing partners, The IPO proceeds would be used to immediately repay the debt incurred in dissolving the original partnership. Also, the company was planning to use $7 million of the proceeds to fund capital expenditures in 1996, while the remaining proceeds were to be used to fund working capital expenses or invested in investment grade securities. Talking about the over-capitalization, this is a situation when total of owned and borrowed capital exceed its fixed and current assets. An over capitalized company can be like a very fat person who cannot carry his weight properly, which is, in great troubles. There are many causes of over capitalization. First is the idle fund, money may be living idle in banks or in the form of low yield investments. Second is the over-valuation, some fixed assets, especially goodwill, may be over-valued. Third, the fall in value can let some inventories have much higher book value than the real economic value, according to the wave of price of inventories. And the forth, the inadequate depreciation provision can also be the reason for over-capitalization. For the fair value of stocks based on two different valuation methods; the discount cash flow model and the free cash flow model. First we use the discount cash flow method to value the Boston Beer Company’s fair value. (Please see the analyze process in Exhibit 1) First, we use the income before tax from the exhibit 3 in the year 1995. Because the case did not offer the depreciation fee, we assume the depreciation to be 0. Even though the tax rate changes slightly every year, we use the tax rate in the year 1995. From the form above, we can see the change in net working capital and capital expenditure is very small in the year 1995. But from the case we know that after the company raises money from the IPO, the company was planning to use $7 million of the proceeds to fund capital expenditures in 1996. And the remaining proceeds were to be used to fund working capital expenses or invested in investment grade securities. Because we are valuing the firm before IPO and do not know the exact number the firm will spend on the working capital and capital expenditure. We assume the firm will increase stable. We calculate the free cash flow of year 1995 using income before tax*(1-tax rate)-change in net working capital-capital expenditure. Then we use the growth rate from 1996 to 2000 to calculate each year’s estimate free cash flow. We use the discount rate 10%, the perpetuity growth rate 5% and the free cash flow of year 2000 to calculate the terminal value. Terminal value= free cash flow in 2000*(1+growth rate) / (discount rate- growth rate). Then use the discount rate, all the free cash flow and the terminal value to calculate the fair value of the company. The value of the Boston Beer Company is around 244 million. From the exhibit 3 in the case, we know the shares outstanding in year 1995 are 18273000. The case said that a total of 3984215 shares were to be offered in Boston Beer’s IPO, of which the company would issue 2540379 shares to raise capital for expansion. In addition, existing partners would sell 1443836 shares. Therefore, the new issued share would be 2540379. After add the new issued share to the original shares, we can calculate the stock price using the fair value. So the stock price=fair value/ total shares outstanding. The stock price we estimate is around 11. 74 dollar/share. The second method is for the free cash flow model in evaluating the company’s value. The first assumption is to assume that Boston Beer will pay dividend so that we can use the dividend discount model to find a fair value. The growth rates are 40% in 1996-1997 and 30% in 1998-1999 and 5 thereafter. We assumed that ROE will be constant at 47. 39% and EPS in 1995 is 0. 35 (both figures was given in the case’s exhibit 3 but should use the annualized number). Retention ratio comes from growth/ROE. All assumptions are listed in the table below. Based on these assumptions, we find that the fair value of stock at the time in the case should be $15. 42. (Please see the exhibit 2) According to the statistic and analyze, we come to summarize the opinion on the short-term and long-term current outlook for America’s brewing industry, especially with respect to its international competitors. Brewers Association announced the fact that 2,075 US craft breweries operated and 2,126 total breweries operated as of July, 2012, the highest total since the 1880s. Overall U. S. beer sales were down an estimated 1. 3% by volume in 2011, 1. 2% in 2010. Imported beer sales were up 1% in 2011 and up 5% in 2010. However, craft brewers sold an estimated 11,468,152 barrels of beer in 2011, up from 10,133,571 in 2010. These statistics suggest that imports and craft beers are in growth, while sales of main players in US beer market, such as AB InBev and MillerCoors , are declining. I assume this situation is going to last for a few years. Imports will keep increasing because a significant number of people, especially young drinks having been enjoy drinking quality beers. Craft beers are popular because the hallmark of craft beer and craft brewers is innovation and craft brewers have distinctive, individualistic approaches to connecting with their customers. In the long term, US beer companies may increase their sales by brewing imported beers in US. AB InBev began brewing Beck’s-previously imported- at St Louis brewery earlier last year. Also, though almost all craft brewers are operation at or near their full capacity, many craft brewers cannot meet growing demand. Some brewers have increased their sales by outsourcing some of production. With more craft brewers increasing investment and production, we can predict that sales of craft beers will go up more in the future. (See Exhibit 3and 4) Exhibit 1 Discount cash flow method Exhibit 2 Free cash flow method Exhibit 3US Breweries Operating as of July 1, 2012| | | Brewpubs| 1072| | Microbreweries| 922| | Regional Craft Breweries| 81| | Total US Craft Breweries| 2075| | Large Non-Craft Breweries| 22| | Other Non-Craft Breweries| 29| | Total US Breweries| 2126| | Exhibit 4.